Essay --

Why? Why should parents have to worry about sending their child to school everyday? Why should students have to sit in class with thoughts in the back of their head like, what if that were to happen here? Why? The question everyone wants answers to is why do school shootings even happen. There is no single, certain answer to these questions. By finding out why school shooting occur, preventing them will be much easier. 1st Sub-topic: Where and why 60% of school shootings in the US happen in small towns. Research on earlier shootings showed the attack is on a school because that is the center stage in a small town, where the shooter can affect the entire community. School shootings are far more frequent in America than in other countries. Although school shootings seem to be on the rise, school is still considered one of the safest places. In 2012 out of all youth homicides, less than 2% occur at school, and this percentage has been stable for the past decade. In 2010, there were about 828,000 nonfatal injuries at school among students 12 to 18 years old. Deaths resulting from schoo...

henry fayol theory of management Essay

In rhetoric, the places were citizens exchange ideas, information, attitude and opinions.   The concept of Habermas public sphere is a metaphorical term used to describe the virtual space where people can interact through the world wide web, for instance is not actually a web, cyberspace is not a space, and so with the public sphere. It’s the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach agreement about ‘matters of general interest’(Jurgen, Habermas 1997:105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMAS Jurgen Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter youth and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war. Habermas entrance onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential critique of Martin Heideggers philosophy.  He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of social research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He then accepted a directorship at the Max Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years later he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994. Habermas on the public sphere, he means first at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which public opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion †¦ i.e, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions†¦ about matters of general interest. The contemporary publics sphere is characterized according to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical roles and capacities. In the past publicity was used to subject people or the present political decisions to the public. Today the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th century. The public is no longer made out of masses of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their influence on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of â€Å"communicative power† as the key normative resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative power. Linking †˜communication’ with ‘power’ already suggests a mix of the normative resources of communicative action with the impersonal force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for democratic legitimation of the use of state power, communicative power is a central notion in Habermas’s democratic theory. Although, in the medium of in restricted communication†¦ new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the case in procedurally regulated public sphere. HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Habermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no separation or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal system. This system for Habermas positioned greater power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state – meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people. According to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal institutions were finally disappearing along with church’s rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in relation to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around national and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term â€Å"public† did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stage of these developments. HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORY Solutions can be raised and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put ‘opinion’ immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to have an intellectualizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political communication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a robust, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth. We should not be misled into thinking that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public arena in which people talk about politics. Nor does the public sphere have merely instrumental value for bringing ‘relevant information’ into political process. The public sphere is a normative  concept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are dedicated by the power struggles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected. Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating radical democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessary for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the important normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure 2. The capacities required to meet its deliberate role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lead into the discussion of crucial role of communicative power. REFERENCE www.slideshare.net/†¦/public-sphere en.wilipedia.org/wiki/public.sphere publicsphere.nard.ru/Habermaspubsphere†¦ grammer.about.com/†¦/publicsphereterm†¦.. pages.gseis.ucla.edu/†¦/habermas.htm

Socratess philosophy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 790 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Socrates Essay Did you like this example? Plato, The Last Days of Socrates provides a useful insight into the philosophy and mind of Socrates. Plato showcases such philosophies in four dialogues in which Socrates is held on trial for heresy around 403 B.C. The trial serves as an opportunity for Plato to put Socratess philosophies on display, mainly on the responsibility of the individuals personal responsibility for their actions, how they affect the community at hand, and to encourage critical thinking to better understand the world around you. In the first dialogue, Euthyphro, Plato tells the story of the encounter between Socrates and Euthyphro meet before the king of Archon in 399 B.C. The main reason why Euthyphro is there to speak with Socrates about is murder. Euthyphro claims that his father murdered a servant when in reality, the servant was attacked and murdered by another servant. This situation prompts the philosophies of both men on the nature of holiness. The reader learns of Socrates ability of questioning others opinions and thought processes during tricky situations such as Euthyphros. You can also see how Socrates can portray a sense of arrogance, which makes some people his enemies as they get offended by him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Socratess philosophy" essay for you Create order One of the most intriguing parts of this dialogue is how vague the debate between Socrates and Euthyphro ends. Plato seems to suggest that there is no right or wrong definition of holiness. The goal that Plato is reaching for is to teach people that knowledge is only obtained when we are able to justify our beliefs. Thus, teaching is more a matter of leading people toward finding the right answers on their own and being able to justify their answers rather than just giving them out. There is no personal growth within oneself when they are just given the answers to lifes problems and difficulties. They become a sheep to be led around rather than taking ownership of their thoughts and ideas. In the second dialogue, The Apology, Plato explains the trial of Socrates. Plato presents Socrates as being skilled at the Socratic Method of asking questions in an intellectual conversation. He often made skeptics on the opposing side of the argument contradict themselves In his trial, Socrates defends himself on charges of heresy, not acknowledging the citys gods, creating new deities, and corrupting of youth. Socrates defends himself, being honest and direct, however he claims this type of behavior is from a prophecy in which he claims he is wiser than anyone. This proves to be a weakness for Socrates as he comes across as arrogant and creates enemies, largely the reason why he was summoned to court in the first place. However, Socratess death sentence is delayed so he is put in jail in Athens. In the third dialogue, Crito, Socrates friend, Crito, attempts to help him escape. Socrates challenges Critos intent and refuses to try and escape prison. By trying to escape prison, Socrates believed that he would be contradicting his philosophies and values which would be harmful to his community as they know him. The problem is that Socratess accusers have sentenced him in an unjust way. They accuse him more as an enemy rather than accusing him on legit grounds to hold a trial for him. One of Critos arguments is that Socrates would be supporting the wrong-doing of his enemies by following through with his death sentence. Socrates counters by saying that he would be harming the laws, which are just, if he tries to escape. If Socrates stays in prison, he will be siding with his accusers but if he escapes he will be breaking the laws. In the end, Socrates chooses to obey the laws of the city and accept his fate. In the fourth dialogue, Phaedo, Plato advocates his belief of the immortality of the soul. Socrates knows that death is inevitable so he believes we should welcome it, allowing us to obtain true wisdom if ones life is lived as it should be. In Phaedos account, Socrates explains to his friends that a true philosopher should look forward to death. Through four different arguments, Socrates explains that setting the soul free from earthly needs is the purpose of being a philosopher. He believes that your body is temporary while your soul is eternal, thus, your soul and values live on after you pass. Socratess philosophy still has influence in the present day. His method of debating and creating a narrative are still broadly used and studied. His goal was to encourage critical thinking and understanding of the world around you. Although he made many enemies with his wisdom and knowledge and ultimately led to him to his fate, his ideas and philosophy have survived him and provide a foundation for understanding western philosophy.